Part 2.
China. The new chronology and conception of Chinese history. Our hypothesis.
Chapter 6.
Parallels between the history of Europe and the “ancient” China.
6. "Mongolian" Manjou Golden (Ch'ing) Dynasty in China
6.1. What Is Known About Manjous in Scaligerian History?
Scaligerian history believed that in 1644 Manjou = mangools invaded China (Kitai) and took possession of Beijing [151], vol.5, p.297. In our opinion, they most likely founded Beijing.
We believe that the Manjou named their new capital Pegin = Pezhin, according to the name of the PEGAYA (Piebold) Horde, from which they came. The fact that Beijing was earlier called Pezhin, see above.
In 1644, Manjou= Mongols "have proclaimed as Emperor of China very young Manjou prince Shi-Tzu "[151], vol.5, p.297. That is, merely Shi-Tzu since the Tzu is the ending added to the Chinese names in general [189].
We emphasize that the Manjou (Mangools) not be Chinese [797], [85]. Manjou language does not have anything in common with the Chinese one and even belongs to another family of languages - the Tungus-Manjou group [85] and [797], p.757. Manjou was along with the Chinese the official language in the country until the beginning of the XX century when in 1911, the Manjou dynasty ceased to rule in China [85].
6.2. Manjou monumental military construction in China
Manzhurs-Manjous (Mangools) were probably the first to unfold in all China the impressive construction. "The development of architecture was associated with extensive construction, carried out by the Manjou rulers. This architecture is presented by Peking-Beijing palaces as well as the famous imperial mausoleums in Mukden (now Shenyang) - the cradle of the Ch'ing dynasty. They restored and built city walls with impressive gates in them. Chinese architects in the period of the Ch'ing dynasty with extreme completeness developed what only started in the buildings of the XV-XVI centuries the abundance of decorativeness "[151], vol.5, p.319.
It is worth to look closer on the architectural history of China. At the epoch preceding the Manjou (= Mangool) conquest, in the XVI century - in Kitai-China, it turns out, "the architectural style is changing: the former severity and monumentality come to a subtle grace. The Chinese building (pre-Manjou era - Auth.), as a rule, it is a one-story Quadrangular pavilion" [151], vol.4, p.648. From the pre-Manjou period of XVI-XVII centuries are left "to our time preserved pagodas, tombs, palaces, triumphal gates, various kinds of public buildings and, finally, residential houses of this period "[151], vol.4, p.648.
From this, we conclude that in the epoch preceding the Manjou, in China, no primary military defenses were built. In any case, for some reason, they did not survive. Of course, we will be told that in "ancient China" the monumentalism was very developed. Maybe so. But then where are its remains? With an exception, of course, the Great Chinese Walls built allegedly in the III century BC, the one we already discussed in detail above. There are none. Thus the textbooks talk about the strange "decline of monumentalism "in China before the invasion of Manjou. After the arrival of the "wild" Manjou to the "enlightened" China, the excellent construction for some reason began to blossoms immensely.
6.3. The Golden Empire of Manjous and the Golden Horde
We emphasize that the Manjous called the Empire they created in China the golden one. Moreover, they called it so in memory of their previous state [151], vol. 4, p. 633.
However, where did the mysterious Manjou, Manguls, Mangools that is; apparently, the "Mongolian" Horde come from? Why their former Empire was called golden? Was it not perchance the Golden Horde?
After all, we know that the primary, central part of the Great Empire was called the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde was situated on the river Volga, but its power extended to the whole Empire, in particular, to the whole of Siberia.
Pegaya Horde, from which, according to our hypothesis, Manjous came, was the most remote eastern part of the Golden Horde located in the Amur Region and along borders of modern China (not counting, of course, overseas American Horde territories). Therefore, the assertion of Manjous, that their former state was called "Golden," most likely, merely points to the fact that they left the Golden Horde. That is, from the medieval state of Russian Horde.
6.4. Religion Of Manjous
It is fascinating that the Manjou (Mangules) that planted the Confucianism in China have professed another religion themselves, about which historians know very little.
Textbooks on Chinese history call it the shamanism [151], vol.5, p.310 and [1452]. Typically, what the modern authors mean by this word has quite a definite meaning: primitive and not very developed religion. However, then all this is more than strange. It turns out that the Mighty Lords of enlightened China, creators of grandiose buildings, authors of books, translated, by the way, into Russian, see, for example, [189], poets, etc.. etc., professed a wild, primitive rite of shamanism.
Should we understand that after their managing their state affairs they disguised in skins, danced to the sounds of tambourines around the fires under spells of shamans? All this resembles similar "guesses" of Romanov historians about the "Mongolian" khans. Those too, being powerful Lords that took as the wives the Byzantine princesses, allegedly were at the same time the shamanists and wild nomads.
That is unlikely. Much more likely, the Manjou court adhered to one of the world's religions. Perhaps Orthodox or Muslim. It is possible that ancient shamanism is not a primitive cult, but the name one of the branches of a specific religion. Unfortunately, no details related to the Manjou alleged "shamanism" we have not found as yet.
6.5. The Trust of Manjou in Their Right to Rule the World
It is known, see, for example, the British Encyclopaedia [1452], that Manjou (Mangools), having come to power in China, proclaimed the principle, according to which Emperor Khan or the Emperor, as he was called, (God given Khan?), is the supreme ruler compared to all other sovereigns of the world [1452]. Here is how S.M. Soloviev described the Russian Embassy of Spafary in Beijing in 1676:
"He (that is, Spafary - Auth.) was instructed about the following Chinese customs:
1) every ambassador who comes to China should say in the speech that he came from a lower and humble place and approached the high altar;
2) gifts sent to the Bogdykhan from any state, we, (that is, Chinese officials – Auth.) insist that they should be called Tribute in the envoy’s speech;
3) gifts sent by the Bogdykhan to other rulers, are to be called salary for the services [800], Book 6, p.580.
Spafary did not dare to take a letter to Moscow from the Chinese Bogdykhan, composed in such terms, and left without a charter [800], Book 6, p.583. Such arrogance of the Chinese sovereign is associated with the coming to power of the Manjou = the Mongols [1452].
We see that the Manjou = "Mongolian" Lords of China considered themselves the heirs of the enormous empire covering the whole world. If their kingdom was a fragment of the Golden Horde, then this attitude becomes clear. If according to Scaliger’s point of view, Manjou, before they captured China, was a wild people living somewhere near the northern Chinese borders, then such an absurd pompousness of the Manjou Lords becomes not only strange but also unparalleled in the world.
6.6. Did the Chinese under the Rule of Manjou Copy the "Ancient Models"?
Today it is believed as if in the era of the rule of Manjou = Manguls "Chinese masters did not seek new ways, and they returned to old, forgotten ways" [151], vol.5, p.320. It turns out that in Manjou time in China suddenly surface the "descriptions of various crafts and manufactures from antiquity and the middle ages "[151], vol.5, p.320.
We are already familiar with such phenomena of a strange "revival" in the Scaligerian history. Suddenly begin the alleged "revivals" of ancient crafts, ancient textbooks are, etc. This means that there is no revival, and we see the birth of something new. The very "theory of revival" appeared later, when duplicates began to emerge in the Scaligerian history, and they had to be explained somehow.
Therefore, the "return" of Chinese masters of the Manjou period to the "old forgotten tricks" means, most likely, that these techniques were first used or invented. Moreover, only then, when the Chinese history becomes "ancient," their invention was attributed to the fabulous antiquity. That is why it turned out that in the XVII century the Chinese masters suddenly somehow mysteriously, began to recall old, long-forgotten tricks.
By the way, the "long forgotten tricks" were purely Chinese? Aforementioned is doubtful. The fact is that the Manjou "Bogdykhan'' do not especially adhere to tradition (we are talking about the Chinese tradition - Auth.) and willingly attracted artists from Europe. Some of them, for example, the Italian Giuseppe Castiglioni and Austrian Ignatius Zikerpart became courtiers painters. They worked peculiarly, combining methods of painting both European and traditional Chinese" [151], vol.5, p.520. Note that "in Europe, the products of the Chinese culture were widely known in the XVII and especially in the XVIIIth centuries" [151], vol.5, p.324. That is, manufactured only in the epoch of Manjou.
6.7. How was the Chinese History created?
How, by whom and when was the "ancient Chinese story" written? It turns out that in the XVII-XVIII centuries, under the Manjou in China there was some exceptionally violent activity relative to the written Chinese history [151]. This activity was accompanied by disputes, persecutions of dissidents, destruction of books, etc.
The actual history of China has been written under Manjou in the XVII-XVIII centuries A.D. [151].
This is what the treaties on the history of China say about this: <<The struggle of opposing currents unfolded and by studying the history. Manjou rulers formed a special counsel for the composition of the history of the previous dynasty of Ming. The opposition could not accept such an interpretation of the history of the fallen dynasties; therefore, the "private" histories of the Ming dynasty have appeared (that is, everybody wrote his own history story? – Auth.).
The Manjou authorities responded to the activities of the opposition of historians by decisive measures like lashes, and prisons. Such repressions have taken place repeatedly in the XVII-XVIIIth centuries. The books unacceptable to the government confiscated. For example, such confiscations happened 34 times during from 1774 to 1782. The books to be seized included in the "list of prohibited books."
Since 1772, all printed books were collected in China; the collection continued for 20 years. For analysis and processing of collected material were engaged 360 officials. All books divided into four categories. 3457 titles issued in a new edition. The other 6766 titles described in detail in the annotated catalog. It was a grand operation for the seizure of books, as the historians - tell us, and not less grandiose operation on the falsification of texts. In new editions, all unacceptable parts have been deleted, and even the names of books changed >> [151], vol.5, p.322. It is not us who say it. Historians do that. And not somewhere, but in dry academic science treatise [151]. No comments.
Based on this information, we are forced to assert that the available today Chinese historical literature was written or significantly revised after 1770. The Annals, lists of comets, history of dynasties and in general the whole lot of the Chinese history edited, into oblivion. If someone insists again and again on the antiquity of Chinese history, we answer these "antiquities" became known from the sources of the end of the XVIIth AD only.
So, Manjous came to China in the XVII century. More precisely, in 1644 AD. As we can see, they began to write the history of China approximately in 1770. That is 130 years after their appearance in China. Manjou brought their chronicles with them. As we understand, those were Golden-Horde chronicles that described the authentic Russian, European and Byzantinium history.
At first, it was probably remembered in China - what these chronicles were about. However, 130 years later this was either forgotten or for some political or other goals, the Manjou decided to transplant all of their ancient European histories onto the Chinese soil.
Understanding their failure to make China a springboard for the restoration of the former world Empire, perhaps, and seeing a growing China's lag in the military technology compared to Europe, Manjou decided to "forget" about their claims to world domination and their past. Moreover, by this time the Manjou were already in no small part assimilated with the Chinese. See below.
Thus the history of China was written. Of course, there were also dissenters. The Manjou have merely chopped off their heads. The discussion quickly died away. Since that moment the Chinese have stopped doubting the correctness of the proposed history of China.
6.8. What Books from the Middle Ages the Chinese Emperor Burnt in the "IIIrd century BC"?
We answer: oddly enough, the books burned were written in the XVII-XVIIIth centuries AD. In other words, the ones of the phantom III century BC, relative to events, which in effect occurred in the XVII-XVIIIth centuries AD. We mean the next known "ancient Chinese" history.
<<In the third century BC when was barely built "the first famous defense wall," the Chinese nobles began to dismantle the fenced state into separate parts, inspired ancient books. Therefore, all books in China were destroyed by the imperator's order>> [544], p.123.
So, in the III century BC, there were two critical events: construction of the Wall and the burning of books. When did they build the Wall? As we have seen, the Wall was built, most likely, at the end of the 17th century AD. Moreover, soon after this, just a hundred years later, the Manjou arranged a grand confiscation and audit of all Chinese books. We just told you about it.
Those two events are probably reflected in the III century BC with a chronological downshift of about two thousand years. By the way, there, too, the dynasty of the Manjou Khans of the XVII-XVIII centuries AD, morphed into the "ancient Khan dynasty." Chinese chroniclers, as we see, did not break their brains for too long how to name their ancient Empire. They called it correctly Khan Empire.
However, the beginning of the reign of the Khan Empire was wrongly attributed to the III century BC. One more bright duplicate in the Chinese history fabricated. An exciting question immediately arises. In what age the "ancient Chinese history" was finally written if the real events of the end of the XVIII century were moved down by two thousand years? That was done by people who lived at the end of the XVIII century, that is, in the XIX century.
Moreover, it turns out that the final compilation of the "ancient" history of China, and thereby important parts of history, was conducted up to XIX century. This statement is in good agreement with the fact that the final version of the "ancient Chinese" history became known in the West in the middle of the XIX century AD. To "confirm" it the comet lists were ultimately edited, apparently, in the XIX century.
6.9. Who are those Manjous?
We have already said above that the word China is an old Russian word Kitai, which until the XVII century was common in our language. Kitai is Kitia or Skitia is a variant of the word Scythia. The word Kita also meant something woven, bundled, in the braid. In particular, it said a pigtail, a plait, sultan of feathers or a part of a military uniform. One may ask: Well, how it relates to China? Maybe accidental coincidences in the pronunciation of words in different languages?
Our answer: the Russian word Kitai used to name the state of China is not accidental. It came to China-Kitai from Russia together with Manjous, who were a part of the Russian-Turkic "Mongolian" Horde. Why did the word Kita become the name of the new homeland of Manjous? The matter was that the Manjous, having conquered China, forced all residents of the country on pain of death penalty to shave a part of their heads and to wear a plait, or hair rolled in a pigtail [151], vol.5, p.311.
The natives stubbornly resisted this foreign to them Manjou innovation. However, in the end, philosophically reconciled, the natives decided that it was better to stay with a shaved head than to lose it. Once "the authorities ordered to chop off the head in place to anyone who has retained his hair "[151], vol.5, p.311. On many old drawings, you will see images of Chinese people of the era of the Manjou dynasty with little pigtails.
It is impossible not to note some similarity of this Manjou custom with the customs of Cossacks in Russia. For example, Zaporozie Cossacks wore the ‘’hering’’, that is, a long lock of hair on the top of the head, shaving the rest of the head. Don Cossacks wore a forelock that is; they left long hair only above the forehead. A particular hairstyle – plait was fashionable at that time in Europe. For example in the XVIIIth century in Prussia = P-Russian military was obliged to wear a pleat.
Thus, the name Kitai was used because of Manjous adhered to the same European custom - to wear plaits, pigtails, military sultan of horsetails and feathers. They wore a Kita-plait and forced to wear it all inhabitants of conquered countries. The name of Kitai, which has a European, Russian origin, i.e., Skitia = Scythia, and is associated on the one hand with the Manjous, and on the other hand, with the European military habits to wear the sultans. That points out that the Manjous were the Europeans once.
This corresponds to our hypothesis, according to which the ancestors of Manjous came from Europe. We do not claim, of course, that a sizeable Manjou army went in the XVII century directly from Europe and Russia for the conquest of Kitai-China. By no means. Manjous inhabited areas bordering China – Pegaya Horde - since the colonization by Cossacks of these regions in the XIV-XV centuries came from Russia and Europe.
Moreover, only after the accession of the Romanovs in Russia and the flight to Pegaya Horde of remnants of the defeated Hordenean Russian dynasty, the Manjou-Cossacks invaded Kitai (China) and founded a new state there. At the same time, they separated from Russia and moreover, have taken all the necessary steps to fence off from the Russian Empire. In particular, they built a giant Chinese Wall as a border between two Empires.
6.10. The Unsuccessful Attempts of Manjous to Avoid Assimilation
Let's return to the history of Manjous. The fascinating fact was the desire of Manjous= Manguls to avoid assimilation with the Chinese. Here what modern monographs tell about this: "They represented an isolated privileged group. Anti-assimilation law strictly prohibiting mixed marriages defined Their situation». [151], vol.5, p.311.
Nevertheless, they failed to avoid assimilation. The laborious assimilation process within a century took place. Nowadays they are practically wholly dissolved in the multi-million population of China. After a hundred years of occupation by the late XVIIIth century "Manjou soldiers lost their former combat capacity "[151], vol.5, p.318.
We propose here a simple explanation. If the Manjou were a people, that seized power in China in the XVII century and displayed an exceptional activity during the first hundred years of their rule, it is unlikely that they would have assimilated so quickly. There are examples of different countries where the small Nations avoided assimilation. The Manjou = Mangools, having unlimited power in China and applying special efforts against their assimilation, for some reason were forced to assimilate.
In our opinion, the explanation is that Manjou warriors probably invaded China almost without women. That is, not the people invaded a country, but the military troops, in which, there were hardly any women. Therefore they had to take Chinese women to wives. Thus their assimilation was, of course, inevitable.
What kind of army invaded China in the middle of XVII century? The army-horde, consisting of riders [1452], people different from Chinese, without wives, very active. This army seized the whole country after the prolonged and brutal war and founded a dynasty, which they called Golden (Qin), and deployed in China the construction of dominant defensive constructions.
Manjou were not numerous, and over time they are almost completely assimilated with the Chinese. Nevertheless, in northeast China, even today about 100,000 "Mansurs" speak Manjou language. See [85], vol.21, article "China", p.178. By the way, in that area of China - in the northeast, there are also Russian villages. Per information of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the number of the Russian population in northeastern China is approximately equal to the number Manjou - also about 100 thousand peoples [85], v.21, p.180.
7. Our Reconstruction
After the seizure of power in Russia by the Romanovs as a result of the bloody civil war and the defeat of the Russian Great Horde, the surviving members of the former Horde dynasty fled in different directions, to the East in particular. Some of them, however, tried to recapture the Moscow throne. The well-known "uprising" of Stepan Razin, and then the "uprising" of Emelian Pugachev embodied such attempts.
Certain fugitives fled to the easternmost Pegaya Horde. This Horde located at that time along the borders of modern China. Perhaps the lands occupied by this Horde were called Kitai. Moreover, contemporary Kitai - Chin, as we saw in Athanasy Nikitin.
The escaped group of the Horde was not numerous. They were Manjous = "Mongols." They were brought the very young Czar Prince with them. By the way, in Razin's insurrection also figured mysterious for historians Prince Alexei. Having recruited an army in Pegaya Horde, they captured China, settled there and took all measures not to be absorbed by Romanov's Russia. For this purpose, in particular, they built The Chinese Wall in the middle or the end of the XVII century.
In 1644, as Scaliger's history tells us, the Manjous captured but most likely founded, the city of Beijing. Alternatively, as it was called then Pezhin, from the word Pegaya Horde. They proclaimed as the Emperor the young underage prince Shi, whom they brought from the Golden Horde, situated in the estuary of the Volga river. Where Stepan Razin was fighting at that time.
The army of conquerors went to this campaign almost without women. Therefore, purely Manjou = "Mongol" origin could be kept only by the imperial court, however, with difficulty. In the end, the bulk of Manjou assimilated. It happened about a hundred years later. Moreover, a hundred years later, the character of the Manjou army completely changed too.
By the end of the XVIII century "Manjou soldiers have long lost their former fighting capacity "[151], vol.5, p.318 Manjou = Mangul language is the tongue of the Pegaya Horde. Of course, it is not the Chinese one.
Consequently, the Manjou Golden Empire in China of the XVII-XVIII centuries was the last splitter of the Russian Slavic-Turkik Great Golden Horde. Manjous are those "Mongols," Russians and Tatars, who in the XVII century fled from the power of the Romanovs. They were the remnants of the Ancient Russian Horde. They have built the Great Wall of China to separate it from the new Romanov Empire.
8. What Happened in the Territory of Contemporary China before the XVIIth Century AD
We see that a significant part of the "ancient Chinese history" are the fragments of European, Byzantine and Russian history. The real events of Europe and Asia reported in European, Byzantine, Russian chronicles. These texts were planted in Kitai (China) by the newcomers from Europe and included in the local history forming its foundation. The descendants of the Manjou invaders and locals soon forgot about the European origin of documents. Once rewritten "in the Chinese transcription" they became unrecognizable. This way appeared an "ancient history of China." Subsequently, it was continued by the local chroniclers already as the history of their country. It became a convincing and weighty textbook on the history of "ancient" China.
So, what happened in the territory of China before the XVII century a new era? Today this question can no longer be answered. At least, from written sources. As we discovered, existing today Chinese chronicles tell us about events in the territory of contemporary China, beginning only with the epoch of XVI-XVII centuries AD. Their first chapters tell us not about us the history of China, but the history of Europe.
9. Were Paper, Gunpowder, and Silk Really Invented in China?
We all know from childhood that paper, gunpowder, and silk were invented in China. Moreover, a very long time ago. Namely, the paper allegedly in around 105 AD. [1447], p.641. Gunpowder - allegedly in the IX century AD [1447], p.357. Today we are shown a supposedly ancient image of Cai Lun - the Chinese inventor of paper, Fig. 6.24.
On the other hand, it is also well known that the paper was allegedly independently invented in Europe: in Spain, around 1150 AD. [1447], p.641. That is about 1050 years after the Chinese. Gunpowder in Europe was invented in the XIV century AD. [1447], p.357. Moreover, also allegedly independently from China.
It is believed that the Chinese wrote their books and chronicles on paper for two thousand years, but today we have Chinese manuscripts starting only from the XVII century [544], vol.6 and [151], vol.5, p.322.
In other words, from the moment when in Europe the paper was already widely used for several hundred years. Regardless, there a reason to raise doubts about the "theory," of the Chinese inventing the paper so long ago. Most likely, the paper came to China from Europe, or from Byzantium, or from Egypt together with the manuscripts of "Chinese history," written on it.
Apparently, for the first time, the paper came to China in the XIV century AD, during Russian "Mongolian" = Great conquest. At that time the ancient method of writing Egyptian hieroglyphs and their later modifications has not been forgotten and stayed in China to this day. In this way, the paper came into the territory of modern China already with written on it texts.
Now about the gunpowder. The Chinese invented the gunpowder allegedly in the IX century AD. We dare not doubt this. The only thing that we do not yet understand, - why then they did not invent firearms, but were happy, as they explain to us, with festive fireworks. Where are ancient Chinese cannons? Where are the thick stone walls built against powerful Chinese artillery in the IX-X centuries AD? The Great Wall does not count. One built - as we are assured - against arrows and bows of nomads. The latter did not have gunpowder.
Whereas in Europe gunpowder was used immediately for manufacturing firearms. The idea is so simple and essential for the defense of the state and for the attack that one can only guess - how the Chinese managed for several hundred years to miss the invention of guns.
Finally, about silk. Since childhood, the words "China" and "silk" are intimately connected in our minds. Everyone knows that silk was invented in China. Where is the ancient silk - there is ancient China. Silk was invented in China allegedly in 2640 BC [1447], p.774. That is, only about five thousand years ago. However, as we have already said, according to the same Scaligerian history, silk apart from the Chinese one was invented in Europe. Where exactly? The answer is known. We quote J.K. Wright: ‘’Production of the silk has begun in 552 AD (! - Auth.) in the Byzantine Empire, and it is entirely possible that more or less correct understanding of the way to produce silk (in Kitai! - because J.K.Wright tells here about the "country of the Sers" – Kitai. - Auth.) Information is taken from the Byzantine sources» [722], p.243.
Moreover, J.K.Wright recognizes that China has borrowed the idea of production silk from Byzantium. Furthermore, it was in the Middle Ages. Even according to Scaliger chronology, not to mention ours. Moreover, only then the wrong Scaliger's "science" pushed the Byzantine documents that speak of silk, by the thousands of years to the past, into the deep "Chinese antiquity."
Apparently, as a result, while distant European ancestors were barely kept warm sitting by the fires in the caves of the Stone Age wrapped in skins, "ancient Chinese" have long been walking in silk clothes, carefully watching the comets, invisible to the unarmed eye, erecting the Great Wall, visiting theaters and generally creating a high civilization.
However, later it was forgotten. Happily, it bloomed anew but only in the late Middle Ages. Well familiar picture, so often seen in Scaliger's history. The result of an artificially extended chronology filled with duplicates.
By the way, even if we admit for a moment that silk was indeed invented in China about five thousand years ago, then answer a simple question: where the Chinese know it from? After all, they invented the paper only three thousand years after silk. Allegedly around 105 AD. Moreover, just after that, they could have written down on it the history of their great discovery. However, before that, for thousands of years, it seems, to keep this significant date in mind.
Corollary.
In our opinion, all these allegedly "ancient Chinese" inventions are the result of China's incorrect chronology. The devices were made in Europe and entered in China not earlier than the XIV-XVI centuries AD.
Note: The reader must not think that in our opinion there was nothing significant invented in China. In the Middle Ages, China originated, for example, tea and, maybe - porcelain. Those were huge discoveries that spread all over the world. (However, to the history of porcelain we will revert).
10. About the Historical Sources of Modern Mongols
They tell us: but modern Mongols are living in the territory of modern Mongolia. What were they doing with their ancient history? They have probably their chronicles, chronicles, etc.
We believe that modern Mongols are the remnants, descendants the same Pegaya (Piebold) Horde, which conquered Kitai - China in the early XVII century. This is what the name says: Mongols = Mongools = Manjous. Therefore it is fascinating to look at their historical sources. There are many Mongolian historical sources, but all they, even in opinion Scaligerian historians, were created, and more precisely - for the first time written – in the XVII-XIX AD.
We are quoting: "In the XVII-XIX centuries, the interest of the Mongols in their historical past has grown considerably. At that time in Mongolia, many major historical works covering the history of the Mongolian people from ancient times created" [541], p.7.
It is interesting that, as a rule, the Mongolian chronicles, despite what is written in the XVII-XVIIIth centuries, end with the Manjou conquests [541], p.13. These chronicles contain old predictions about the Golden Horde. Moreover, also speak about Genghis Khan and his descendants who ruled in "Mongolia" [541], p. 18-26.
However, those, according to our reconstruction, are but again the legendary memories of the Golden Horde and the famous Russian prince of the fourteenth century - George Danilovich. The chronicles were brought here, to the territory of modern Mongolia, by the Manjou - natives of the Golden Horde. That is why they all with the Manjou conquest. After this conquest, the Mongols themselves, as a rule, wrote no historical writings for some reason no longer.
The Mongol chronicles that exist today are late poetic transcriptions of old chronicles. Perhaps they contain some valuable information about the history of the Golden Horde, the Golden Family, as they call it. Unfortunately, we did not have the opportunity to analyze them in detail.
11. Where China is Shown on Old Maps?
As we have already said, China's of old chronicles was Scythia or Skitia, that is, the Russ-Horde. Let us quote one more fact, directly pointing to this circumstance. Figure 6.25 shows the map of Asia compiled by Gerhard Mercator the Younger allegedly in 1606 [1172]. Recall that Gerhard Mercator the youngest, who reportedly lived about 1565-1656, is considered as the grandson of the famous cartographer Gerhard Mercator the Elder, who lived allegedly in the XVI century. Most likely, there was no "grandfather" at all. There was one Gerhard Mercator, who lived around 1565-1656 years [1172]. He created many maps. Then, when the Scaligerian history began to push to the past the events even of the 17th century, they doubled or even tripled (on paper). In result, appeared on the pages of Scaliger's history the "grandfather" Gerhard Mercator and his "grandson" – Rumold Mercator. Together with these two phantoms were moved down in time some maps of XVII-XVIII centuries. Announced later as "sixteenth-century maps."
fig. 6.25
Let's see where on the map of the Mercator the Younger dated 1606 is marked Kitai-China. Moreover, we will see that the name Kitai-China or Kithaisko-Chinese written in large letters right in the center of Russ-Horde, on the river Ob, Fig.6.26. Also, in place of modern China is written Mangi Provincia queet, i.e., Kitai-China. That is the Mongolian Province or Chin. Still below is written Mien reg., that is, the Kingdom of Ming or, again, the Mongolian Government, Fig.6.27.
fig. 6.26
fig. 6.27
Furthermore, the following fact is striking. On the map of Mercator younger of 1606 AD, there is no city Moscow. Thereby, Moscow's surroundings are marked neatly and as a rule correctly. Many neighboring cities indicated. City Murom is there. Nizhny Novgorod too. Tver, Mtsensk, Kashira displayed there. The city of Troitsk, probably the monastery of Trinity-Sergius Lavra close to Moscow shown. Still, there is no Moscow! How can this be at the beginning of the seventeenth century? Our reconstruction answers this question. As we will show in the book "Biblical Russia," Moscow began to be built as a metropolitan city only in the second half of the 16th century. Most likely, it was a small settlement on the place of the famous Kulikovo battle.
Moreover, only at the beginning of the XVII century, Moscow took the top as a new capital. Therefore, it is not surprising that Western European cartographers of the late XVI - early XVII century, in general, do not know a lot about Moscow. That is why they did not always mark it on the map. Moreover, only in the XVII century, Moscow appeared at last on the maps of Europe and Asia, on its current location, as the capital of Russia.
By the way, in the location of Yaroslavl on the map of Mercator, the Younger is written a curious name of Iorgowitz, that is, Yorgovich, Fig. 6.28. It follows that Yaroslavl was also called the city of George = Guyrgiy = Yorgo. Which is quite natural in the framework of our reconstruction. Because this city was the capital of the Empire, created by George Danilovich = Genghis Khan. Alias George the Victorious.
fig. 6.28
12. Conclusion
We are aware of how difficult it is for the reader to part with the myth of the great antiquity of China and the Eastern Civilizations in general. All of us since childhood are accustomed to the idea of the antiquity of the East compared to the West. However, as a result of the impartial analysis, apparently, we have to admit that the age of Eastern civilization is about the same as of the western one.
The written sources in the East are in a much worse position than in the West. If in the West the vast majority of preserved old manuscripts and books were made no earlier than the XVII century AD, and they bring up to us the details of European history, beginning only with the XIV century AD, the situation in China is even worse. The overwhelming majority of written documents there were not produced before the XVIIIth century. Therefore, it is unlikely that we will be able to learn anything about Chinese history before the XV-XVI centuries. Let us repeat that, as it turns out that the final version of "ancient history" of China was created only at the end of the XVIIIth - the beginning of the XIXth century.
REMARK. Let us turn to the book of the artist V. Vereshchagin: "Napoleon I in Russia. 1812". - Tver, Tver Agency "Sozvezdie", 1993. We refer to it as a publication [125:1].
The generally accepted version of Romanov's history assures us that the look of Moscow in the early XIX century, before the Napoleonic invasion, was the same as in the mid-nineteenth century. But,
certainly, this is far from true. Let us turn to the testimonies of eyewitnesses who described Moscow when Napoleon entered it in 1812.
It is well known that immediately after the appearance of the French, the city was engulfed in a Grand Fire, as a result of which a significant part of it burned to the ground [125:1]. Then, after the defeat of Napoleon, Moscow was rebuilt in the form that is familiar to us from the numerous engravings and photographs of the mid-nineteenth century. On them we see the city; the architecture of most buildings is similar to the style of European cities of the same epoch.
Let us turn to the impression of the French, who entered Moscow in 1812 before the fire. Did they see the usual for them European city? It turns out, not at all. We quote: "Moscow, - says Madame Fusil, - had some special charm that will be impossible to restore (after the fire - Auth). Maybe it will be a good city again, but the city, like others, whereas it was like ISFAHAN OR BEIJING, IT WAS LIKE AN ENTIRELY ASIAN CITY ... "Quote [125: 1], p. 56.
Nothing is surprising for us here. According to our reconstruction, Moscow, as the capital of Russia-Horde until the end of the XVI century, was built in style called today "Eastern." Probably there were many old Russian Gothic churches, the look of which was partially conveyed to us by modern Muslim mosques. See details in "New chronology of Russia," ch.14: 47.
Another evidence of the French eyewitness: "We were amazed at the wonderful view of Moscow... Houses painted with different colors, domes covered with iron, silver, and gold... Monuments and especially the bell tower gave us the overall picture of one of those famous cities of Asia, which, until then, we thought existed only in the imagination of ARAB POETS". Quote [125:1], p. 35.
